FACULTY PHARMACY
PHARMACEUTICAL
TECHNOLOGY II
(NFNF 2263)
SEMESTER 2
SESSION 2012/2013
LAB REPORT 2
NAME :
LIM ANNE YEE (A131494)
LIM GUCCI (A136085)
LIM ZEN HUEI (A136194)
THE THIAN SIANG (A136169)
PUTERI EFFY NASTASHEA BINTI
HOSLAM (A136042)
LECTURER : DR.
HALIZA BINTI KATAS
DATE :
18th MARCH 2013
Title
Assessment
of the Effects of Different Compositions of Ingredients Used on the
Characteristics of a Suspension Formulation
Introduction
A suspension formulation is a type of disperse system where the
insoluble solid particles are dispersed homogenously in the liquid phase. A
good suspension must be in a homogenous form after shaking, easily poured from
the container, has a uniform solid particle size and possess better feel and
taste. Sediment that is formed upon storage has to be easily redispersed after
shaking, forming homogenous suspension.
In general, suspension comprises of
an active ingredient (solid phase) in a liquid carrier, a wetting agent,
flavouring and colouring agents and preservatives. The function of a wetting
agent such as tragacanth is to reduce the interfacial tension between the solid
particles and the liquid. Suspension can be classified into a coarse suspension
where the diameter of the particles is more than 1 µm or a colloidal suspension
where the particle size is less than 1 µm. In pharmaceutical practice,
suspension is used to improve the stability of the active ingredient, taste,
and bioavailability.
Objective
To study the
effects of using different amounts of tragacanth on a suspension formulation
Apparatus
and Material
I.
Apparatus
Weighing
balance A
set of pipette (1ml) and bulb-pipette
1 weighing
boat 1
centrifugation tube 15ml
A set of
mortar and pestle 1
beaker 100ml
Plastic
bottle 150ml
Centrifugation equipment
Measuring
cylinder 50ml Viscometer
A measuring
cylinder 200ml
II.
Materials
Chalk Syrup
BP
Tragacanth Double-strength
Chloroform Water
Concentrated
Peppermint Water Distilled
water
Procedures
1. A suspension of Paediatric Chalk
Mixture (150ml) is prepared using the formulation below:
Chalk
3g
Tragacanth
Refer to table 1
Concentrated
Peppermint Water
0.6mL
Syrup
BP
15mL
Double
Strength Chloroform Water 75mL
Distilled
Water, q.s.
150mL
|
Table 1
Paediatric Chalk Mixture
|
Group
|
Tragacanth (g)
|
I
|
1, 5, 9
|
0.0
|
II
|
2, 6, 10
|
0.1
|
III
|
3, 7, 11
|
0.3
|
IV
|
4, 8, 12
|
0.5
|
2. Some of the suspension formed (5ml)
is poured into the weighing boat and labelled. State and compare the texture,
clearness and colour of the suspension formed.
3. 50ml of suspension formed is poured
into the 50ml measuring cylinder and the height of the solid phase sediment in
the cylinder is measured at intervals of 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50 and
60 minutes.
4. The remaining suspension (95ml) is
poured into a 100ml beaker and viscosity of the suspension formed is determined
using a viscometer.
5. 10ml of suspension is poured into a
centrifugation tube and the height of the solid phase formed after
centrifugation (1000rpm, 5 minutes, and 25°C) is determined.
RESULTS AND
DISCUSSION:
1. Compare
the physical characteristics of the suspensions and give your comment.
Group
|
Amount
of Tragacanth (g)
|
Texture
|
Clarity,
appearance
|
Colour
of suspension
|
5
|
0.0
|
Less
viscous, rough texture and disperse easily
|
Less
cloudy, has 2 layer
|
Less
milky
|
6
|
0.1
|
Viscous
|
Moderately
cloudy
|
Milky
|
7
|
0.3
|
Viscous
|
Opaque,
cloudy
|
Milky
|
8
|
0.5
|
More
viscous
|
Opaque,
cloudy
|
Milky
|
As the amount of tragacanth added to the
formulation is increased, the more viscous the suspensions become. Tracaganth
acts as a suspending agent in which it provides ‘structure’ to the medium in
order to support the suspensoid. More viscous a suspension is, longer time is
taken for the suspended particles to sediment and this will allow the
pharmaceutical product to be withdrawn from the container to be consumed by the
consumer. If the disperse phase will sediment, it will be eeasily redisperse
and stay disperse in the medium for a longer time compared to the formulation
without tragacanth. As the amount of tragacanth that added to the formulation
increases, the more opaque and cloudy the product will be. The opacity and the
cloudiness indicates that the disperse particles is totally dispersed in the
medium. If no tragacanth is added to the formulation, the product will appear
to be separated in two phase in which the supposed to be disperse phase seems
to sediment at the bottom of the container.
2. Plot
the graph of height of the solid phase in the measuring cylinder against time.
Give your comment.
Time
(minute)
|
0
|
5
|
10
|
15
|
20
|
25
|
30
|
35
|
40
|
45
|
50
|
55
|
60
|
Height
of solid phase (millimetre)
|
0
|
1
|
3
|
7
|
11
|
15
|
18
|
20
|
20
|
21
|
21
|
21
|
21
|
The graph above shows the relationship
between the heights of sedimentation with time. As observed on the graph, it is
shows that the longer time taken the higher the heights of sedimentation. The
suspension was white in colour, we need to use some light to observe the
sedimentation clearly to avoid from making error. For the last 20 minutes the
height of sedimentation of suspension has become no change which is it maintain
at 21 mm. This is because all of the Tragacanth that is contain in the
suspension already sedimented.
3. Plot
the graph of height of solid phase against time for different amount of
tragacanth in the suspension. Give your comment.
Time (minute)
|
Height of the sediment (millimetre)
|
|||||||||||||
0
|
5
|
10
|
15
|
20
|
25
|
30
|
35
|
40
|
45
|
50
|
55
|
60
|
||
Amount of tragacanth
(g)
|
0.0
|
0
|
18
|
15
|
12
|
11
|
10
|
10
|
9
|
9
|
9
|
9
|
9
|
9
|
0.1
|
0
|
3
|
3
|
4
|
5
|
5
|
5
|
5
|
5
|
5
|
5
|
5
|
5
|
|
0.3
|
0
|
2
|
4
|
6
|
7
|
8
|
9
|
9
|
10
|
10
|
10
|
10
|
10
|
|
0.5
|
0
|
1
|
3
|
7
|
11
|
15
|
18
|
20
|
20
|
21
|
21
|
21
|
21
|
|
The graph above shows the relationship of
the height of sedimentation with time for four different suspensions that
contain different amounts of tragacanth. The height of sediment decreases as
the weight of tragacanth increases. The more the tragacanth content, the less
the sediment formed. Suspension which contains more tragacanth is more stable
as the tragacanth is the suspending agent. It is added to reduce sedimentation
by structuring the continuous phase to produce a deflocculated system. For
formulation with optimum amount of tragacanth, the system is stable and no slow
flocculation occurs. A good suspension is a suspension that the sedimentation
process does not happen quickly when the suspension is shaken. This is to allow
that all the material in the suspension can disperse for a longer time to
increase the efficiency of suspension administration.
However from the graph, it shows that the
more the tragacanth content, the more the sediment formed. This may due to the
experimental error. In the suspension which is containing 0.0g of tragacanth,
the absence of tragacanth results in quick sedimentation of solid particles and
hence a flocculated system is produced. For the suspension which is containing
0.5 g amount of tragacanth, the sedimentation gradually formed with a increase
of height (21mm).
4.Explain briefly the mechanism of
viscometer analysis. Plot a graph of viscosity of the suspension versus the
amount of tragacanth
(g). Give explanation.
Tragacanth used is 0.0g
|
Reading
|
1
|
2
|
3
|
4
|
5
|
6
|
|
Viscosity (cP)
|
0
|
0
|
2
|
2
|
2
|
3.5
|
|
Average + SD
|
1.583 ± 1.3571
|
|||||
Tragacanth used is 0.1g
|
Reading
|
1
|
2
|
3
|
4
|
5
|
6
|
|
Viscosity (cP)
|
2
|
2
|
2
|
3
|
2
|
3
|
|
Average + SD
|
2.333 ± 0.5164
|
|||||
When the Tragacanth used is 0.3g
|
Reading
|
1
|
2
|
3
|
4
|
5
|
6
|
|
Viscosity (cP)
|
2.5
|
1.5
|
2
|
2.5
|
3
|
3.5
|
|
Average + SD
|
2.5 ± 0.7071
|
|||||
When the Tragacanth used is 0.5g
|
Reading
|
1
|
2
|
3
|
4
|
5
|
6
|
|
Viscosity (cP)
|
0
|
10
|
5.5
|
3
|
3
|
3
|
|
Average + SD
|
4.083 ± 3.3825
|
|||||
|
Weight of Tragacanth (g)
|
0.0
|
0.1
|
0.3
|
0.5
|
|
Viscosity(x ± SD)
|
1.583±1.3571
|
2.333±0.5164
|
2.5±0.7071
|
4.083±3.3825
|
Rotational viscometers use
the idea that the torque required to turn an object in a fluid is a function of
the viscosity of that fluid. They measure the torque required to rotate a disk
or bob in a fluid at a known speed. It is operates as the motor of
viscometer rotate with the speed 300rpm. Stirrer is rotated by disc which in turn moved by spring more than
180°.LED emit infra red radiation and diffuse through the disc and then
detected by a photo diod. The infra red radiation detected and read by the
photo diod is depend on the change of degree of disc rotation.
. According to
theory, viscosity decreases from suspension IV to suspension I. The graph
obtained should be linear where the viscosity of suspension is directly
proportional to the amount of tragacanth.From the graph above, Suspension IV is the most viscous suspension
compared to other suspensions formed. The more tragacanth added, the more
viscous of the suspension being formed.. Chalk is suspended by
tragacanth in the liquid phase and form suspension. When the amount of
tragacanth is increased, suspension that forms will be more viscous.
However, we do not obtain such graph because
there are some mistakes in this experiment. For the 0.1 g of tragacanth in
suspension should be more viscous than 0.0g of tragacanth in suspension. This
may be due to we add insufficient amount of powder when we making of suspension
or viscometer did not dipped well into the suspension when it is
operated.Besides, insufficient cleaning of the disc will affect the viscosity
detected.
5. Plot
a graph of height of ratio of sediment as a result of centrifugation vs. weight
of Tragacanth. Give explanation.
Tragacanth(g)
|
0
|
0.1
|
0.3
|
0.5
|
Height Ratio (x ±SD)
|
7
|
11
|
17
|
20
|
From the graph, the height ratio is increased as the volume
of tragacanth increased. This result is not correct due to experiment error.
The error maybe due to incorrect handling of the experiment procedure .The
actual result should be decreased of height ratio when the volume of tragacanth
increased. This is because due to the ability of the tragacanth acts as a
suspending agent and can hold the heavy and insoluble powders in the
suspension. Thus, increase volume of tracaganth powder, less chalk powder will
be sediment on the bottom of the tubes and separation of the suspension will be
lesser. Since the suspension produces sediment on storage it must be readily
dispersible so as to ensure the uniformity of the dose. If sediment remains
even after shaking vigorously for specified time, the system is described as
caked. All the suspensions were found to be redispersible irrespective of their
concentration.
6. What is the function of each ingredient used in the suspension
preparation? How does the different amount of Tragacanth powder affect the
physical characteristics and stability of the suspension formulation?
Chalk
|
|
Tragacanth powder
|
Suspending agent and wetting agent that
used to decrease interfacial tension between solid particle and liquid from
continuous phase.
|
Concentrated peppermint water
|
Flavouring agent in suspension.
|
Syrup BP
|
Viscosity thickener of suspension.
Sweetening agent.
|
Double strength chloroform water
|
Flavouring agent, preservative, and solvent.
|
Distilled water
|
Diluent in suspension.
|
As amount of tragacanth powder
added increases, suspension will be smooth, cloudy and stable. In a more stable
suspension, sedimentation is difficult to occur or takes a longer time to
develop. With higher content of tragacanth powder in suspension, there is less
flocculation, but once the sedimentation occurs after a period of time,
redispersibility of suspension becomes more difficult.
For suspension with lesser
amount of tragacanth powder, it will be less smooth, less stable and clearer. Sedimentation
occurs more easily but redispersibility is easier compared to suspension with high
content of tragacanth powder.
Conclusion:
Different amount of Tragacanth powder will affect the rate of
sedimentation, the height of sediment formed and viscosity of suspension.
Reference:
1. Ghosal & Srivastava, 2009. Fundamentals
Of Bio analytical Techniques And Instrumentation. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.
2. John F. Marriott, Pharmaceutical
Compounding And Dispensing, 2006, Pharmaceutical Press Sdn Bhd
3. http://priory.com/pharmacy/Suspension_Gum_SuspendingAgent.htm
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